Clinical analysis of seven cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate clinical and laboratory characteristics of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) associated with secondary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) .Methods:CTCL patients with clinically suspected sHLH were collected from Department of Hematology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital from January 2016 to October 2021, and were evaluated according to the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria and HScore.Results:Seven CTCL patients were confirmedly diagnosed with sHLH, including 2 with primary cutaneous γδT-cell lymphoma (PC-GDTCL) , 3 with cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (C-ENKTCL) , and 2 with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PC-ALCL) . All the 7 patients received chemotherapy, but 6 died finally, and the median overall survival duration was 26.5 days (range: 14 - 60 days) after the confirmed diagnosis of CTCL complicated by sHLH. HLH-related gene mutations, which were located in the PRF1 and LYST genes, were identified in 2 patients; lymphoma-related gene mutations were identified in the KRAS and KMT2D genes in 1 PC-GDTCL patient,and in the JAK3 and SAMHD1 genes in another PC-GDTCL patient.Conclusions:CTCL complicated by sHLH usually progresses rapidly, so early diagnosis and treatment are needed. Bone marrow biopsy and mutation screening of lymphoma- and HLH-related genes at initial diagnosis and during disease progression may facilitate early diagnosis.

Significance of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 in the large-cell transformation of mycosis fungoides and its effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To determine lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6) expression in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) , a variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) , and to investigate its role and mechanism of action in the development and prognosis of CTCL.Methods:A total of 110 patients with confirmed MF were collected from Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital from 2011 to 2020, including 24 with large-cell transformation (LCT) and 25 with non-large cell transformation (NLCT) in the discovery cohort, and 24 with LCT and 37 with NLCT in the validation cohort. RNA sequencing and RT-PCR were conducted to determine the LPAR6 expression in patients in the discovery cohort and validation cohort respectively. LPAR6 expression was compared between patients with LCT and those with NLCT, and its effect on the prognosis of patients was evaluated. Two LPAR6-overexpressing CTCL cell lines MyLa and Sz4 were constructed to evaluate the effect of LPAR6 overexpression on proliferative activity of MyLa and Sz4 cells, with the cells normally expressing LPAR6 as the control group; after the treatment with LPAR6-related ligand lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) , 2S-OMPT, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine (ADO) , the effects of LPAR6 activation on the proliferative activity and apoptosis of LPAR6-overexpressing MyLa and Sz4 cells were evaluated by the MTS method and flow cytometry respectively. Log-rank test was used for prognostic analysis, and t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two groups. Results:As RNA sequencing showed, LPAR6 was one of the significantly underexpressed genes in the LCT group in the discovery cohort; in the validation cohort, LPAR6 expression (median[ Q1, Q3]) was significantly lower in the LCT group (204.90[81.90, 512.70]) than in the NLCT group (809.40[417.50, 1 829.20], U= 242.00, P= 0.002) ; in the two cohorts, the underexpression of LPAR6 was significantly associated with increased risk of poor prognosis (both P < 0.01) . Cell proliferation assay showed no significant difference in the proliferative activity of MyLa or Sz4 cells between the LPAR6 overexpression group and control group at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours during the experiment (all P > 0.05) ; 48 hours after activation of LPAR6 by LPA, 2S-OMPT, ATP and ADO in MyLa cells, the LPAR6 overexpression group showed significantly decreased cellular proliferative activity (1.38 ± 0.01, 1.04 ± 0.01, 1.09 ± 0.03, 1.23 ± 0.01, respectively) compared the control group (1.73 ± 0.04, 1.23 ± 0.01, 1.24 ± 0.01, 1.42 ± 0.03, t= 30.33, 18.38, 4.78, 5.75, respectively, all P < 0.05) , but significantly increased cell apoptosis rate (17.93% ± 0.88%, 17.75% ± 0.35%, 23.97% ± 0.57%, 31.44% ± 0.34%, respectively) compared the control group (3.98% ± 0.03%, 7.81% ± 0.59%, 11.95% ± 0.85%, 12.02% ± 0.48%, t= 15.93, 14.49, 11.74, 33.01, respectively, all P < 0.05) ; 48 hours after activation of LPAR6 by 2S-OMPT and ADO in Sz4 cells, compared with the control group, the LPAR6 overexpression group also showed significantly decreased cellular proliferative activity (2S-OMPT: 1.29 ± 0.04 vs. 1.48 ± 0.01; ADO: 1.27 ± 0.01 vs. 1.51 ± 0.02; both P < 0.05) , but significantly increased cell apoptosis rate (2S-OMPT: 41.70% ± 0.70% vs. 29.35% ± 0.55%; ADO: 37.05% ± 0.15% vs. 24.60% ± 1.00%; both P < 0.05) . Conclusions:LPAR6 was underexpressed in the patients with LCT, and its underexpression was significantly associated with increased risk of poor prognosis. In vitro activation of LPAR6 could inhibit the proliferation of CTCL cells and promote their apoptosis, suggesting that the decrease of LPAR6 expression may be one of the important mechanisms underlying disease progression in patients with LCT.

Research progress on total skin irradiation using helical tomotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a relatively rare group of mature T-cell lymphomas mainly manifesting in the skin, and its common subtype is mycosis fungoides. Total skin electron irradiation is one of the important conventional treatment methods, but there are many disadvantages, such as uneven dose distribution, poor position repetition, and long treatment time, which affect the clinical efficacy and patient prognosis. With the emergence and gradual popularization of helical tomotherapy in recent years, more and more medical institutions are gradually expanding their applications in total skin irradiation due to their ability to treat ultra-long targets and achieve dose-sculpted distribution, aiming to further explore its good or bad, and confirm whether it can replace the traditional total skin electron irradiation. In this article, research progress on total skin irradiation using helical tomotherapy was reviewed, the development of treatment technology, clinical efficacy and current concerns and controversies were illustrated.

Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: focus on the current treatment scenario

Abstract Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders, characterized by infiltration of the skin by mature malignant T cells. Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, accounting for more than 60% of cases. Mycosis fungoides in the early-stage is generally an indolent disease, progressing slowly from some patches or plaques to more widespread skin involvement. However, 20% to 25% of patients progress to advanced stages, with the development of skin tumors, extracutaneous spread and poor prognosis. Treatment modalities can be divided into two groups: skin-directed therapies and systemic therapies. Therapies targeting the skin include topical agents, phototherapy and radiotherapy. Systemic therapies include biological response modifiers, immunotherapies and chemotherapeutic agents. For early-stage mycosis fungoides, skin-directed therapies are preferred, to control the disease, improve symptoms and quality of life. When refractory or in advanced-stage disease, systemic treatment is necessary. In this article, the authors present a compilation of current treatment options for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.

Role of flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood in the diagnosis of lymphoma-associated erythroderma / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood in the diagnosis of erythroderma.Methods:A total of 29 patients with erythroderma were collected from Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from September 2017 to December 2020, including 6 with erythrodermic mycosis fungoides (EMF) , 5 with Sézary syndrome (SS) , 18 with inflammatory erythroderma (IE) with different etiologies. Four healthy volunteers served as healthy controls. Flow cytometry was performed to detect peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, immunophenotypes and clonality, and their differences were analyzed between inflammatory erythroderma and lymphoma-related erythroderma. One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference- t test were used for comparisons between groups. Results:The proportions of T cells, B cells, NK cells and CD4 -CD8 - cells significantly differed among the EMF group, SS group, IE group and control group (all P < 0.001) . The proportion of T cells was significantly higher in the SS group (93.8% ± 3.4%) than in the EMF group (42.7% ± 6.4%) and IE group (46.0% ± 6.8%, t = 12.8, 14.4, respectively, both P < 0.001) , and the proportion of CD4 -CD8 - cells was significantly lower in the IE group (0.37% ± 0.40%) than in the EMF group (2.93% ± 0.84%) and SS group (2.38% ± 0.74%, t = 9.2, 6.7, respectively, both P < 0.05) . The expression of clonal T-cell receptor β-chain variable region (TCR-vβ) was not detected in healthy controls or IE patients; the T cell subsets expressing clonal TCR-vβ were detected in 3 cases of EMF and all cases of SS, and they were all identified to be cells with a CD4 +CD7 -CD26 - phenotype. There were significant differences among the above 4 groups of subjects in the proportions of CD4 + T lymphocytes expressing chemokine receptors CCR4, CXCR3, CCR5, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) or programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) on the cell surface (all P < 0.001) . Compared with the SS group and EMF group, the IE group showed significant decreased proportions of CD4 + T lymphocytes expressing CCR4, CLA or PD-1 (all P < 0.001) , but significantly increased proportions of CD4 + T lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 or CCR5 (all P < 0.001) . Conclusion:Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, immunophenotypes and clonality can provide a reference for the etiological diagnosis of erythroderma, and is helpful for the differential diagnosis between lymphoma-associated erythroderma and inflammatory erythroderma.

Effect of a retinoid derivative ECPIRM on proliferation and apoptosis of a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell line HH and its mechanisms: a preliminary investigation / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the inhibitory effect of a retinoid derivative ECPIRM on proliferation of a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell line HH, and to explore its potential mechanisms.Methods:Cultured HH cells were treated with ECPIRM at different concentrations of 0 (control group) , 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L separately for 72 hours, cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was performed to evaluate the effect of ECPIRM on the proliferative activity of HH cells, and flow cytometry to investigate the effect of ECPIRM on apoptosis of HH cells. Some HH cells were treated with 10 μmol/L ECPIRM for 72 hours, transcriptome sequencing was performed to investigate gene expression changes triggered by ECPIRM in HH cells, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were then performed to analyze differentially expressed genes in HH cells induced by ECPIRM. Reverse transcription-qPCR was subsequently conducted to verify changes in key gene expression in related pathways. Intergroup differences were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance, and least significant difference (LSD) - t test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:CCK8 assay showed that the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ECPIRM on HH cells was 4.91 ± 2.48 μmol/L, the viability of HH cells significantly differed among the control group, and 5-, 10-and 20-μmol/L ECPIRM groups (100.00% ± 2.87%, 49.58% ± 4.53%, 48.36% ± 2.88%, 31.44% ± 2.46%, respectively, F=162.86, P < 0.001) , and was significantly lower in the 5-, 10-and 20-μmol/L ECPIRM groups than in the control group ( t=15.36, 15.73, 20.89, respectively, all P < 0.001) . Flow cytometry showed that there was a significant difference in the apoptosis rate among the 4 groups (11.51% ± 1.84%, 23.83% ± 5.72%, 36.19% ± 8.33%, 49.75% ± 4.10%, respectively, F=17.62, P < 0.001) , and the 10-and 20-μmol/L groups showed significantly increased apoptosis rates compared with the control group ( t=4.46, 6.92 respectively, both P < 0.01) . Transcriptomics analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of ECPIRM on the cellular proliferative activity may be related to the metabolic regulation of steroids. As reverse transcription-qPCR revealed, the 10-μmol/L ECPIRM group showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of L-amino acid oxidase (IL4I1) , acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) , 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 1 (HMGCS1) , mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MVD) , 3-β-hydroxysteroid-8,7-isomerase (EBP) , very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) , 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) compared with the control group (all P < 0.05) . Conclusion:The retinoid derivative ECPIRM exerted marked anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects on HH cells, which may be related to the decreased expression of key genes involved in steroid metabolism.

Effect of chidamide combined with matrine on proliferation and apoptosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines HH and Hut78 and possible apoptotic mechanisms / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of chidamide combined with matrine on proliferation and apoptosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell lines HH and Hut78,and to explore their apoptotic mechanisms.Methods Both HH and Hut78 cells were treated with 0.4 μmol/L chidamide and 0.6 g/L matrine alone or in combination for 24,48 and 72 hours,with those treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serving as control groups.MTS assay was performed to deteet cellular proliferation rates of HH and Hut78 cells at each time point.After 48-hour treatment,flow cytometry was conducted to detect cell apoptosis,and Western blot analysis to determine expression of apoptosis-related proteins in these cells.Statistical analysis was carried out by using repeated measures analysis of variance,one-way analysis of variance,and least significant difference (LSD)-t test for multiple comparisons.Results Compared with DMSO,chidamide and matrine alone or in combination could inhibit the proliferation of HH and Hut78cells to different extents (F =15.88,558.26,P ＜ 0.05,＜ 0.001,respectively).At 48 hours,the apoptosis rate in Hut78 cells was significantly higher in the matrine group (20.98％ ± 1.53％),chidamide group (22.44％ ± 7.74％) and combination group (44.53％ ± 1.85％) than in the control group (8.42％ ± 4.23％;LSD-t =4.76,5.31,13.69 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05),as well as in the combination group than in the matrine group and chidamide group (LSD-t =8.93,8.37 respectively,both P ＜ 0.01);no significant differences were observed in the apoptosis rate of HH cells between the matrine group (13.98％ ± 3.86％)or chidamide group (13.61％ ± 1.62％) and control group (11.44％ ± 1.43％,both P ＞ 0.05),while the combination group (20.94％ ± 0.64％) showed a significantly higher apoptosis rate compared with the control group,matrine group and chidamide group (LSD-t =7.37,5.40,5.69 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).In the case of HH cells,the combination group showed significantly higher cleaved caspase-3 expression (all P ＜ 0.05),but significantly lower protein expression of E-cadherin,nuclear factor (NF)-κB,phosphorylated-Bad (p-Bad) and Bcl-2 compared with the other 3 groups (all P ＜ 0.05).In the case of Hut78 cells,the expression of E-cadherin,NF-κB,p-Bad and Bcl-2 was significantly lower in the matrine group,chidamide group and combination group than in the control group (all P ＜ 0.05),while cleaved caspase-3 expression was significantly higher in the chidamide group and combination group than in the control group (both P ＜0.05).No matter in HH cells or in Hut78 cells,there were no significant differences in Bad protein expression between the 4 groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Chidamide in combination with matrine can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of HH and Hut78 cells,likely by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins E-cadherin,NF-κB,p-Bad,Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3.

Primary multifocal anaplastic large cell lymphoma with eyelid involvement: a case report / Linfoma anaplásico de grandes células primário multifocal com envolvimento de pálpebra: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Ocular adnexal involvement in CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders is rare. We report the case of a 73-year-old woman with a relapsing primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma on her eyelid. A systemic extension study excluded extracutaneous involvement. Systemic chemotherapy resulted in an optimal response, with complete regression of the cutaneous lesions. There has been no recurrence during the 2 years of follow-up.

RESUMO O acometimento ocular adicional nos distúrbios linfoproliferativos CD30+ é raro. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 73 anos com linfoma de grandes células anaplásicas primárias recidivantes em sua pálpebra. A avaliação sistêmica excluiu envolvimento extracutâneo. A quimioterapia sistémica resultou em uma resposta ótima, com regressão completa das lesões cutáneas. Não houve recidiva durante 2 anos de acompanhamento.

Classification for primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: an update / 中华皮肤科杂志

Primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders are a group of heterogeneous diseases that mainly involve the skin and are completely different from lymph node lymphomas. Although rare, they are still an important part of lymphoid and hematopoietic tumors. In the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification for tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues and the 2018 updated version of WHO-European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) classification for cutaneous lymphomas, classifications of most diseases do not change, but the understanding of some diseases such as Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and primary cutaneous CD4 positive small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder has been changed, and new diseases have been added. This article introduces updates on the classification of primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders based on the 2017 WHO and 2018 WHO-EORTC classification systems.

Classification for primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: an update / 中华皮肤科杂志

Primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders are a group of heterogeneous diseases that mainly involve the skin and are completely different from lymph node lymphomas.Although rare,they are still an important part of lymphoid and hematopoietic tumors.In the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification for tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues and the 2018 updated version of WHO-European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) classification for cutaneous lymphomas,classifications of most diseases do not change,but the understanding of some diseases such as Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and primary cutaneous CD4 positive small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder has been changed,and new diseases have been added.This article introduces updates on the classification of primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders based on the 2017 WHO and 2018 WHO-EORTC classification systems.

Treatment of primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (C-ALCL) is a rare subtype of primary cutaneous lymphoma with a favorable prognosis. Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders, which include C-ALCL and lymphomatoid papulosis, are the second most common group of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. C-ALCL is comprised of large cells with anaplastic, pleomorphic, or immunoblastic cytomorphology, and indeed, more than 75% of the tumor cells express the CD30 antigen. C-ALCL clinically presents with solitary or localized reddish-brown nodules or tumors, and sometimes indurated papules, and they may be with ulceration covering with dark eschar. Multifocal lesions are seen in 20% of the patients. Extracutaneous dissemination, which mainly involves the regional lymph nodes, occurs in 10% of patients. A 69-year-old man noticed a mild elevated cutaneous lesion containing central ulceration covering with brownish black necrotic tissue on the right lower lip, and the lesion was surgically removed. After the first operation, another skin lesion was developed and the histological examination confirmed the diagnosis, C-ALCL. Eight specimens were excised during the 7-month follow-up period. The patient started the treatment with low-dose oral methotrexate (15 mg/wk) and there was no recurrence for 11 months.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas in the revised 4th edition of World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (2017)

Abstract: Recently, the World Health Organization published the revised 4th edition of its classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. The present paper is a concise comparative review of the main primary cutaneous T-cell hematopoietic tumors, with emphasis on their immunohistochemical profiles.

Evaluation of the Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides

Abstract: Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. TNMB system is the staging method used in MF, and it not only guides therapeutic management, but represents the main prognostic factor. In order to improve the prognostic evaluation, the Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (CLIPi) was proposed. Objective: To evaluate the performance of CLIPi score for prognostic analysis in patients with early stage MF. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study, with exploratory analysis. The outcome variables were disease progression and related death. Results: One hundred and two patients were stratified according to CLIPi score, being the majority classified as low risk. Patients with intermediate or high risk presented disease progression more frequently than those with low risk (PR: 1.2 / p = 0.004 / 95%CI: 1.0 - 1.6). The same did not occur with the variable related death. In addition, survival rates were not consistent with risk stratification. Study Limitations: Small sample and its retrospective analysis. Conclusions: Since CLIPi score was proposed, four other studies that we could consult showed conflicting results, similar to the present study. Further studies are necessary for a recommendation of its use.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early stage mycosis fungoides

Abstract: Background: Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of primary cutaneous lymphoma, with an indolent, slowly progressive course and 88% five-year survival rate. The diagnosis is challenging, especially in the early stages, and usually relies on a good clinical-histopathological correlation. Objective: The aim was to establish the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study with an exploratory analysis. Outcome variables were disease progression and mycosis fungoides-related death. Results: One hundred and two patients were included. The majority were white males, with a mean age of 55.6 years. Mean time from onset of lesions to diagnosis was 51.08 months. The majority of patients were classified as IB stage according to TNMB. Mean follow-up time was 7.85 years. Disease progression was seen in 29.4% of the patients. Death related to the disease occurred in 7.9% of patients. Plaque lesions, involvement of more than 10% of the body surface, altered lactate dehydrogenase and beta-2-microglobulin, and stage IB were significantly associated with disease progression, and altered lactate dehydrogenase and beta-2-microglobulin also correlated with higher frequency of deaths. Study limitations: Small sample and retrospective design. Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides in our sample corroborates reports in the literature. Diagnostic delay in our series is also consistent with previous findings, but the rate of disease progression, despite treatment, was higher than reported in the literature.

Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: experience from the Peruvian National Cancer Institute

Abstract: Background: Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas constitute a heterogeneous and rare group of diseases with regional particularities in Latin America. Objective: To determine the clinicopathological features, relative frequency and survival among patients from a Peruvian institution. Methods: Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas were defined based on the absence of extracutaneous disease at diagnosis. Classification was performed following the 2008 World Health Organization Classification of Neoplasms of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid tissues. Risk groups were established according to the 2005 World Health Organization-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Data of patients admitted between January 2008 and December 2012 were analyzed. Results: 74 patients were included. Mean age was 49.5 years. In order of frequency, diagnoses were: mycosis fungoides (40.5%), peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (22.95%), adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (18.9%), CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (6.8%), hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma (5.4%), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (4.1%) and Sézary syndrome (1.4%). Predominant clinical patterns were observed across different entities. Mycosis fungoides appeared mainly as plaques (93%). Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified and adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia presentation was polymorphic. All patients with hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma presented with facial edema. All cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma appeared as ulcerated nodules/tumors. Disseminated cutaneous involvement was found in 71.6% cases. Forty-six percent of patients were alive at 5 years. Five-year overall survival was 76.4% and 19.2%, for indolent and high-risk lymphomas, respectively (p<0.05). High risk group (HR: 4.6 [2.08-10.18]) and increased DHL level (HR: 3.2 [1.57-6.46]) emerged as prognostic factors for survival. Study limitations: Small series. Conclusion: Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides or CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders are aggressive entities with a poor prognosis.

Mycosis fungoides preceding lymphomatoid papulosis

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is defined as a chronic, recurrent, self-healing papulonecrotic or papulonodular skin disease with histologic features suggestive of a (CD30-positive) malignant lymphoma. In up to 20% of patients, LyP are preceded by, associated with, or followed by another type of cutaneous or systemic lymphoma, generally mycosis fungoides (MF), primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (C-ALCL). In this case, we describe a case of MF that preceded and continued to coexist with LyP type C.(AU)

A papulose linfomatóide (LyP) é definida como uma doença cutânea papulonecrótica ou papulonodular crônica, recorrente, com características histológicas sugestivas de linfoma maligno (CD30-positivo). Em até 20% dos pacientes, o LyP é precedido por, associado ou seguido por outro tipo de linfoma cutâneo ou sistêmico, geralmente micose fungóide (MF), linfoma cutâneo primário de células grandes anaplásicas (C-ALCL). Neste caso, descrevemos um caso de MF que precedeu e continuou a coexistir com LyP tipo C. (AU)

Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: challenging clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis

Abstract Mycosis fungoides is a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with various clinical and pathological presentations. Early lesions are nonspecific, which hinders early diagnosis. The folliculotropic subtype is manifested as acneiform lesions, follicular papules or erythematous plaques mainly on the face, neck and upper trunk. Histopathology shows dense lymphocytic infiltrate surrounding and infiltrating the hair follicles. A case of difficult histopathological diagnosis with florid and unusual skin lesions mainly on the face is reported.

Alemtuzumab in refractory Sézary syndrome

Abstract: Sézary syndrome is a primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the triad of erythroderma, lymphadenopathy and circulating atypical cells. The emergence of new molecular targets has enabled the development of drugs such as alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, which has shown promising results in the treatment of this entity. We report the case of a 70-year-old male with refractory Sézary syndrome in whom treatment with alemtuzumab achieved an 80% skin lesion clearance with complete haematologic and radiologic response. The treatment was discontinued after 4 months due to adverse effects, with the patient showing a sustained response without disease progression after 13 months of follow-up.

Methotrexate and etanercept-induced primary cutaneous CD4 positive small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma

Abstract: Immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents may represent a potential risk of lymphoma development in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. But most cases are diffuse, large B-cell lymphomas. Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, a provisional entity in the 2005 WHO-EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas, is only described in a limited number of reports. To our knowledge, our case is a rare instance of primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, after associated treatment with methotrexate and etanercept, in a patient with moderate rheumatoid arthritis who had undergone an orchidectomy incorrectly.

Effects of chidamide combined with curcumin on human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell line Hut78 and their molecular mechanisms / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of chidamide combined with curcumin on the proliferation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell line Hut78,as well as their promotive effect on its apoptosis,and to explore their therapeutic mechanisms in CTCL.Methods Some Hut78 cells were treated with different concentrations of chidamide (0.3,0.6,1.2,2.4 μmol/L) and 10 μ mol/L curcumin alone or the combination of 1.2 μ mol/L chidamide and 10 μ mol/L curcumin for 24,48 and 72 hours separately.MTS assay was conducted to estimate cell viability at each time point.After selection of chidamide concentrations,some Hut78 cells were treated with chidamide (0.6 and 1.2 μmol/L)and curcumin (10 μmol/L) alone or in combination (1.2 μmol/L chidamide and 10 μmol/L curcumin) for 24 hours,then,flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis and analyze cell cycle,real-time (RT)-PCR and Western-blot analysis were conducted to quantify the mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-associated genes Fas,caspase 8,nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 as well as cell cycle-associated genes P21,CDK2 and cyclin E respectively.Statistical analysis was carried out by repeated-measures analysis of variance,one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD)-t test.Results Chidamide could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Hut78 cells in a dosedependent and time-dependent manner (F =266.558,564.966,respectively,both P ＜ 0.001).After 48-and 72-hour culture,the combination of 1.2 μmol/L chidamide and 10 μmol/L curcumin showed significantly stronger inhibitory effect on cell proliferation compared with 1.2 μmol/L chidamide or 10 μmol/L curcumin alone (all P ＜ 0.001).As flow cytometry showed,the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than in the 0.6-,1.2-μmol/L chidamide groups and 10-μmol/L curcumin group (all P ＜ 0.001).Compared with the 0.6-μmol/L chidamide group and 10-μmol/L curcumin group,the combined treatment group and 1.2-μmol/L ehidamide group both showed significantly increased proportion of cells at G0/G1 phase and mRNA expressions of Fas,caspase 8 and P21,but decreased proportion of cells at S phase or G2/M phase and mRNA expressions of NF-κB p65,CDK2 and cyclin E (P ＜0.05 for proportion of cells at different phases,P ＜ 0.001 for mRNA expressions of different genes).Furthermore,the mRNA expression of Fas was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than in the 1.2-μmol/L chidamide group (P ＜ 0.001),while no significant differences were observed in the mRNA expressions of caspase 8,P21,NF-κB p65,CDK2 and cyclin E or the proportion of cells at any phase between the combined treatment group and 1.2-μmol/L chidamide group (all P ＞ 0.05).Western-blot analysis showed that protein expressions of Fas,caspase 8 and P21 significantly increased,but those of NF-κB p65,CDK2 and cyclin E significantly decreased in the combined treatment group compared with the 0.6-,1.2-μmol/L chidamide groups and blank control group receiving no treatment,which were in accordance with the above changes in mRNA expressions of these genes.Conclusion Chidamide can inhibit the growth of the CTCL cell line Hut78 by directly decelerating cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis,and the combibation with curcumin can markedly enhance the inhibitory effect of chidamide on the growth of Hut78 cells.